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The MARS 6 system can perform high temperature reactions (300° C) with high pressures (800 psi) in up to a 1.2 L sealed volume or at reflux temperatures and pressures in up to a 5 L round bottom flask. There are a multitude of microwave techniques that can be used for scaling up reactions. This often leads to higher yields of reaction products when using microwave-assisted chemistry. Microwaves, however, directly apply energy to molecules, and not to the reaction vessel, being able to volumetrically heat the mixture to the desired temperature within minutes. These can lead to unwanted side reactions. This is a slow and inefficient process that can create gradients of temperature. Traditional heating methods (heating mantles, etc.) transfer heat to the wall of the reaction vessel, which eventually gets dispersed to the reaction solution. The dielectric heating mechanism of microwaves is well known to be an efficient source of volumetric heating. How do microwave reactors compare to traditional heating mantles? Many microwave reactors, including CEM’s Discover line, have the capability to heat to 300° C and have a maximum pressure threshold of 435 psi.
REACTION VESSEL MEANING FULL
For example, a reaction that may take a full day at room temperature would take approximately 2 minutes at 120° C. The speed at which it can reduce reaction times can be found by applying the Arrhenius law/equation:įor every increase of 10° C, the reaction time is cut in half. Microwave reactors are equipped with pressure sealing technology, which means heating conditions above reflux are often used in microwaves. How quickly can my reaction take place in a microwave reactor? Microwaves operate at a frequency of 2.45 GHz, which is below the energy needed to break a bond, but high enough that a molecule with a dipole releases heat through the rotational motion of the dielectric heating effect. This is known as the microwave dielectric heating effect.
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The amount of heat generated by this process is dependent on the ability of the molecules to align themselves with the frequency of the electric field. The molecules in the material never have enough time to exactly follow the oscillating field, so the continual re-orientation of the molecules results in energy loss through molecular friction and dielectric loss. When microwave energy passes through matter, the material’s dipole field attempts to realign itself with the oscillating electric field of the microwave. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves, consisting of electric and magnetic field components. Here are a few commonly asked questions and topics of interest or discussion. As a microwave chemist, I hear a lot of questions from scientists that are new to this field of synthetic chemistry.